Go to our "CLOSINGS" tab on our website to see our updated Coronavirus Policy

Blog

Sinusitis

Sinusitis is a term for an inflammation of the sinus. Most of the time however, it refers to a typical sinus infection. There are of course various causes of sinus infections ranging from infections due to a virus, bacteria, fungus, or parasite. Viral sinus infections are by far the most common sinusitis seen in the community. Bacterial sinus infections are certainly not uncommon and often result from a secondary bacterial infection in someone who had had a viral sinus infection. Fungal and parasitic sinus infections are quite unusual and are more likely to occur in immunocompromised individuals. Sinusitis occurs when fluid enters the sinus cavity which is normally filled with air.

There are 4 major types of sinusitis:

  • Acute sinusitis:  Generally, lasts 4 weeks or less. It typically presents suddenly. It is most often caused by viruses, (e.g., common cold virus), although bacteria and rarely fungi may be responsible for this type of sinusitis. Having a history of allergic rhinitis (i.e., hay fever) is a risk factor
  • Subacute sinusitis:  Generally, lasts between 4 to 12 weeks in duration. It commonly occurs in conjunction with bacterial infections or partially treated infections. Having a history of allergic rhinitis is a risk factor.
  • Chronic sinusitis:  Generally, lasts more than 12 weeks in duration. It commonly occurs in conjunction with bacterial or rarely fungal sinus infections. Partially treated acute or subacute sinus infections may turn into a chronic sinus infection. Having a history of allergic rhinitis is a risk factor.
  • Recurrent sinusitis:  This occurs when a sinus infection occurs 4 or more times in one year.

Each pair of sinuses are named for the bone that they are situated on. The names of the 4 sinuses are maxillary sinuses, ethmoid sinuses, frontal sinuses, and sphenoid sinuses. The maxillary sinuses are located on the cheekbones. The ethmoid sinuses are situated on each side of the upper nose between the eyes. The frontal sinuses are positioned in the forehead region above the eyes. The sphenoid sinuses are located behind the eyes and bridge of the nose.

The classic symptoms of sinusitis may include nasal congestion, sinus pressure, post-nasal drip, sinus pain, facial pain, discolored mucus, headaches, sore throat, malodorous breath, and/or exacerbation of asthma. It should be noted that in patients with chronic sinusitis, just an aggravation of one’s asthma may be the only sign of underlying sinusitis. A decrease in one’s sense of taste and smell, earaches, and/or fatigue may also occur in individuals with chronic sinusitis.

There are numerous risk factors that make someone more prone to acquiring sinusitis. These risk factors are as follows:

  • Allergic rhinitis (i.e., hay fever)
  • Previous upper respiratory infection (URI), usually viral in origin
  • Structural irregularities of the nose/sinuses
  • Nasal polys
  • Smoking/smoke exposure
  • Immunodeficiency (i.e., weakened immune system)

Diagnosis:

The diagnosis of sinusitis can be made by just doing a comprehensive history and physical examination for the most part. In some instances, a CT scan of the sinuses may be necessary, particularly when trying to diagnose chronic or recurrent sinusitis. Rhinoscopy, (i.e., looking into the nasal passages and sinuses through a thin flexible tube with a fiber-optic light) is sometimes used to visualize the anatomy of the problem. In rare instances, a culture may be taken to rule out a fungus as a causative agent of the sinusitis or to ascertain which antibiotic is necessary to treat a resistant bacterial sinus infection.

Treatment:

Most viral sinusitis cases resolve on their own without treatment. Decongestants and nasal corticosteroids are useful in many cases to provide clinical relief in patients with sinusitis. Rest and fluids are also advised in most situations of sinusitis. Symptomatic relief can sometimes be enhanced by using saline irrigation in the form of a nasal spray or Neti pot. Likewise, breathing in steam from a hot shower is helpful in some individuals. Pain relief can be aided by using Tylenol (i.e., acetaminophen) or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen or naproxen. Antibiotic therapy may be necessary for some individuals. When implemented. For individuals who are not allergic to penicillin, amoxicillin or Augmentin (i.e., amoxicillin + clavulanic acid) is the antibiotic of choice for most areas of the U.S. The course of an antibiotic is usually 10-14 days for the treatment of acute sinusitis and 3-4 weeks for chronic sinusitis.

It is important to note that many individuals who have sinusitis have underlying allergies. Many people are aware of these allergies, but many are not aware. Individuals who get sinusitis should seek a consultation with a board certified allergist like the ones at Black & Kletz Allergy. By addressing the underlying allergies and controlling them, one is subsequently less likely to continue to experience bouts of sinusitis.

The board certified allergists of Black & Kletz Allergy have had over 50 years of experience dealing with sinusitis, sinus infections, and other sinus-related conditions. Black & Kletz Allergy has 3 office locations in the greater Washington, DC, Northern Virginia, and Maryland metropolitan area. The allergy specialists at Black & Kletz Allergy diagnose and treat both adults and children with sinus disease, allergies (e.g., hay fever, food allergies, medication allergies), asthma, hives, swelling episodes, insect bites, bee sting allergies, eczema, contact dermatitis, and immunologic problems. We have offices in Washington, DC, McLean, VA (Tysons Corner, VA), and Manassas, VA and have on-site parking at each location. The Washington, DC and McLean, VA offices are Metro accessible and there is a free shuttle that runs between our McLean, VA office and the Spring Hill metro station on the silver line. Please call us to schedule an appointment or alternatively, you can click Request an Appointment and we will respond within 24 hours by the next business day. Black & Kletz Allergy has been striving to provide high quality allergy and asthma care to the residents of the Washington, DC metro area for more than a half a century and we are dedicated to continue delivering state-of-the-art allergy and asthma care in the future.

Lip Allergies

An inflammatory appearance of the lips is termed cheilitis. This inflammation of the lips may cause redness, dryness, and/or scaling on the lips. It can also be associated with swelling, and in severe cases, blisters and/or sores may develop on the lips. Cheilitis can be either acute or chronic in nature. Although most cases of cheilitis are due to sun exposure, allergies involving the lips are quite common. Allergic cheilitis is sometimes referred to as eczematous cheilitis which is also called lip dermatitis.

Causes:

  • Atopic dermatitis – Usually a genetically determined generalized inflammation of the skin. Can affect the lips causing cheilitis.
  • Irritant contact cheilitis – A reaction of the lips to cosmetics, foods, and/or environmental irritants.
  • Allergic contact cheilitis (ACC) – A delayed hypersensitivity reaction to chemicals which causes an eczema-like reaction on the lips. Allergic sensitization to chemicals found in lipsticks, lip balms, toothpastes, dental materials, medications, metals, foods, and/or nail polish can cause ACC.
  • Contact urticaria – A hive-like reaction over the lips usually caused by certain flavorings in toothpastes, foods, and/or food additives (e.g., preservatives, coloring agents).

Clinical Features:

Both the upper and lower lips are usually involved at the same time. They may appear dry, red, cracked, peeling, fissuring, and/or swollen. There may also be itching, burning, and/or pain of the lips in some individuals. The angles of the mouth may exhibit crusting at the corners. If the angles of the mouth are affected, it is called angular stomatitis or angular cheilitis. In addition, the skin around the mouth may also be red and dry. This involvement of the skin around the mouth is termed perioral dermatitis.

Diagnosis:

It is important for the board certified allergist to perform a comprehensive history of the onset, duration, and severity of the symptoms, as well as any possible temporal association with exposure to the known triggers in order detect the offending agent responsible for the condition. A complete physical examination is also performed.

When the history and physical examination are not definitive in identifying the causative agent, patch testing may be necessary. This procedure involves the application of the common chemical sensitizers in individual small rectangular patches that are placed on the skin. These patches should remain in constant contact with the skin for 48 hours. Test results are interpreted after the removal of the patches at 48 hours and again between 72 and 96 hours after their application. Redness, swelling, blistering, and/or oozing at the site of the contact of the test agent confirms a sensitivity to that particular chemical.

Contact urticaria may sometimes require prick skin testing with foods and/or chemicals to establish the diagnosis.

The following causative agents are usually identified as the triggers for allergic contact cheilitis:

  • Oral hygiene products (e.g., toothpastes, mouthwash, dental floss)
  • Lipsticks and other lip care products (e.g., lip balm, sunscreen, Chapstick)
  • Nail polish substances
  • Fragrances (e.g., Balsam of Peru)
  • Rubber or latex products
  • Sunscreen
  • Certain foods (e.g., cinnamon, mango)
  • Metals (e.g., nickel, gold, cobalt) – Found in orthodontic devices, musical instruments, etc.
  • Propylene glycol
  • Chronic lip picking and/or lip licking
  • Certain medications (e.g., bacitracin, neomycin)
  • Weather-related conditions (e.g., wind, cold)

Treatment:

Topical anti-inflammatory medications such as corticosteroids or non-steroidal agents such as Elidel and Eucrisa ointments can help relieve the symptoms of lip cheilitis/dermatitis. Non-irritating and fragrance-free emollients containing petrolatum, shea butter, mineral oil, ceramides, and/or sun-protective ingredients, (e.g., zinc oxide, titanium oxide) are useful to keep the lips moisturized.

Strict avoidance of exposure to the offending agent at all times is essential, as desensitization to the contact allergens has not been shown to be effective.

The board certified allergists at Black and Kletz Allergy have been diagnosing and treating allergies and asthma for more than 50 years in the Washington, DC, Northern Virginia, and Maryland metropolitan area. We see both pediatric and adult patients. We have offices in Washington, DC, McLean, VA (Tysons Corner, VA), and Manassas, VA. We have on-site parking at each of our 3 locations. Our Washington, DC and McLean, VA offices are Metro accessible. Black & Kletz Allergy offers a free shuttle service between our McLean, VA office and the Spring Hill metro station on the silver line. If you suffer from allergies to your lips or face, please call us to make an appointment. You may also click Request an Appointment and we will respond within 24 hours by the next business day. Black & Kletz Allergy is dedicated in providing the most state-of-the-art allergy treatment in a caring, friendly, and professional environment.

Allergies to Dust

When one thinks of house dust, a picture may come to mind of a room with a whitish colored film of dirt covering the hardwood floors, wooden furniture, and any other visible hard surface in the room. One may also envision house dust scattered in the air which can often be seen with the aid of the light from a window in the room. Does this “dust” that you are envisioning however cause allergies in a typical dust-allergic individual? The answer is not usually. More commonly, the “dust” that typically causes dust allergies is the “dust” that is embedded into carpeting, upholstered furniture, pillows, mattresses, box springs, and blankets. The reason that free-floating dust is less likely to cause allergies is because dust mites, the main dust allergen, tend not to live in the air or on hard surfaces. Dust mites tend to live in bedding (i.e., pillows, mattresses, box springs, blankets), carpeting, and upholstered surfaces. Approximately 33% of dust mite life takes place in bedding. There are from tens of thousands to millions of dust mites that typically live in the average bed. In addition, approximately 100,000 dust mites can live in 1 square yard of carpeting. Dust mites tend to prefer warm and moist environments as opposed to cool and dry conditions.

Dust mites live off of sloughed skin or dander of both humans and animals. When you sleep at night, you shed dead skin and these skin flakes are the food that sustains dust mites. The average person sheds 0.2 to 0.3 ounces of dead skin each week which becomes the fuel that keeps the dust mites alive. As mentioned above, the “dust” one sees from the rays of light near a window in a room is not allergenic because in general, dust mites do not live in free-floating air. It is interesting to note that the “dust” one sees near a well-lit window is mostly made up of dead skin from humans and/or animals.

There are 2 species of dust mites found in the U.S. Their names of these 2 species are Dermatophagoides farina (i.e., North American house dust mite) and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (i.e., European house dust mite). As stated previously, dust mites are the main “dust” allergen. It is however a protein in the dust mite feces and a protein in the exoskeleton (i.e., external skeleton) of the dust mites that are the true allergens. Dust mites have 8 legs and are arthropods belonging to the class Arachnida. In that way, they are similar to spiders. Dust mites are between 0.2 to 0.3 mm. in length and are translucent, making them almost invisible to the naked eye.

Dust mites cause allergic rhinitis (i.e., hay fever), allergic conjunctivitis (i.e., eye allergies), and asthma symptoms in sensitized individuals. The classic symptoms of allergic rhinitis may include sneezing, runny nose, nasal congestion, post-nasal drip, sinus congestion, sinus headaches, itchy throat, fatigue, and/or snoring. In addition, individuals with allergic rhinitis are more prone to developing sinus infections. Allergic conjunctivitis symptoms may include itchy eyes, watery eyes, redness of the eyes, and/or puffiness of the eyes. The typical asthma symptoms that one may experience are wheezing, chest tightness, coughing, and/or shortness of breath. Asthma can range in severity from mild intermittent to severe persistent. In some instances, it can be life-threatening. It is thus crucial for individuals with asthma to adhere to a strict plan of action that can be tailored to them by a board certified allergist, like the ones at Black & Kletz Allergy.

The diagnosis of dust mite allergy begins when the allergist takes a comprehensive history from the patient and then follows that up by a complete physical examination. Allergy testing is usually performed using the more common allergy skin tests, however, blood tests can be done in select individuals. Pulmonary function tests are usually performed when asthma symptoms are present. Occasionally a chest X-ray may be indicated.

The treatment of dust mite allergy begins with prophylaxis. Preventing as much exposure to dust mites is highly recommended, although not always attainable. Covering pillows, mattresses, box springs with allergy-proof encasings are a great place to start. Using HEPA filters and changing the filters frequently are also helpful in reducing one’s dust mite exposure.

Treatment usually continues with medications. There are numerous medications that can be utilized in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, and asthma. Oral antihistamines, oral decongestants, oral leukotriene antagonists, nasal corticosteroids, nasal antihistamines, nasal anticholinergics, ocular antihistamines, ocular decongestants, ocular mast cell stabilizers, inhaled corticosteroids, and inhaled bronchodilators are the most commonly used medications to treat allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, and asthma. Rarely, oral corticosteroids may be used in severe cases of allergies and asthma. It should be noted that allergy shots (i.e., allergy injections, allergy immunotherapy, allergy desensitization, allergy hyposensitization) are very helpful in the treatment of dust mite allergies as well as with the treatment of allergies to molds, pollens, pets, cockroach, and insect stings (e.g., bees, wasps, hornets, yellow jackets, fire ants). Allergy shots are effective in 80-85% of the people who take them. They have been used in the U.S. for more than 100 years and they are usually taken for 3-5 years.

The board certified allergy doctors at Black & Kletz Allergy are always available for our patients to ask any questions that they may have regarding asthma or allergies. We have been diagnosing and treating adult and pediatric patients with dust mite allergies as well as other allergies, including allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, asthma, and insect sting allergies for more than 50 years. We have 3 office locations in the Washington, DC, Northern Virginia, and Maryland metropolitan area with offices in Washington, DC, McLean, VA (Tysons Corner, VA), and Manassas, VA. All of our offices offer on-site parking and the Washington, DC and McLean, VA offices are Metro accessible. There is a free shuttle that runs between our McLean, VA office and the Spring Hill metro station on the silver line. If you would like to be evaluated today for dust mite allergies or any other type of allergies, please call us today. You may also click Request an Appointment instead and we will respond to your request within 24 hours by the next business day. The allergy doctors at Black & Kletz Allergy pride themselves in providing the highest quality asthma and allergy care in the Washington, DC metropolitan area.

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Infection

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes annual outbreaks of respiratory illnesses in all age groups.  It is one of the most common illnesses in children.  Though it can occur any time of the year, RSV infections are most common from the late Fall to the early Spring with a peak predominance in February.

Virtually all children get an RSV infection by the time they are 2 years old.  Most of the time, RSV will cause a mild, cold-like illness, however, it may also cause severe illness such as bronchiolitis (i.e., inflammation of the small airways in the lung) and/or pneumonia (i.e., infection of the lungs).

The initial symptoms of RSV usually include a runny nose, nasal congestion, mild fever, cough, and/or occasional wheezing.  Most individuals generally recover fully within a week.  It is important to note that the illness may be more severe in children under the age of 2 with chronic lung disease, congenital heart disease, suppressed immune systems, and neuromuscular disorders. Children who have difficulty swallowing or clearing mucus secretions are at greater risk for developing more severe disease as well.

Approximately 1 or 2 out of every 100 children younger than 6 months of age with RSV infection may need to be hospitalized.  Those who are hospitalized may require oxygen, intubation, and/or mechanical ventilation to help with breathing.  Most affected children improve with this type of supportive care and are usually discharged in a few days.  Recently, a number of studies have established a relationship between infants with severe RSV infections and the subsequent development of asthma later in childhood.  Respiratory syncytial virus is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract (i.e., lungs) infection in children and is a common cause of wheezing in infants and young children.

In adults, RSV infections present as mild cold-like illness with symptoms of runny nose, sore throat, cough, mild fever, achiness, and/or fatigue.  In healthy adults the symptoms usually subside spontaneously within 5 days.

Some adults, however, may have more severe symptoms consistent with a lower respiratory tract infection, such as pneumonia.  Those at high risk for severe illness from RSV include older adults (i.e., especially those 65 years and older), adults with chronic lung or heart disease, and adults with weakened immune systems.  RSV can sometimes also lead to the exacerbation of serious conditions such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and/or congestive heart failure.

Diagnosis:

Clinical symptoms of RSV are nonspecific and can overlap with other viral respiratory infections, as well as some bacterial infections.  Several types of laboratory tests are available for confirming an RSV infection.  These tests may be performed on upper and lower respiratory specimens.
The most commonly used types of RSV clinical laboratory tests are real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reactions (rRT-PCR), which are more sensitive than cultures and antigen testing.  It should be noted that antigen testing is highly sensitive in children but not sensitive in adults.

Transmission:

RSV spreads just like a common cold virus―from one person to another.  It enters the body through the nose or eyes, usually occurring from direct person-to-person contact with saliva, nasal discharge, unclean hands, or contaminated objects/surfaces.  It should be noted that RSV can survive 30 minutes or more on unwashed hands and up to 6 hours on surfaces such as toys, keyboards, door knobs, etc.

Symptoms:

The symptoms of respiratory syncytial virus can appear 2 to 8 days after contact with RSV. The typical symptoms may include a runny nose, nasal congestion sore throat, achiness, fatigue, mild fever, cough, and/or occasional wheezing.  According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), individuals infected with RSV are usually contagious for 3 to 8 days.

Treatment:

There is no specific treatment to cure the infection but symptomatic relief can be obtained by nasal saline irrigation with gentle suctioning to allow easier breathing and feeding.  A cool-mist humidifier can help break up mucus which may result in easier breathing.  Hydration by means of drinking plenty of fluids is also important when fighting an RSV infection.  Acetaminophen (i.e., Tylenol) and ibuprofen (i.e., Motrin, Advil) may help relieve body aches and fevers.  Antibiotics and corticosteroids are not helpful.  Aspirin should be avoided.]

Prevention:

Frequent hand washing, covering coughs and sneezes, avoiding people who are ill, cleaning and disinfecting surfaces, and staying home when sick will go a long way to help prevent spreading the infection.

A vaccine for RSV is not currently available but intense research is going on to develop one.  A medication named Synagis (i.e., palivizumab)) may reduce the risk of severe RSV infection in some high-risk infants.  It is a monoclonal antibody that is administered by means of an intramuscular injection.

The board certified allergists at Black & Kletz Allergy have been diagnosing and treating upper respiratory infections in both adults and children for more than 50 years.  Black & Kletz Allergy has offices in Washington, DC, McLean, VA (Tysons Corner, VA), and Manassas, VA. All 3 of our offices have on-site parking.  For further convenience, our Washington, DC and McLean, VA offices are Metro accessible.  Our McLean office location offers a complementary shuttle that runs between our office and the Spring Hill metro station on the silver line.  To schedule an appointment, please call one of our offices or alternatively, you can click Request an Appointment and we will respond within 24 hours by the next business day.  If you suffer from allergies, recurrent upper respiratory infections, asthma, sinus-related symptoms, or have had an RSV infection, we are here to help you manage and alleviate your symptoms.  Black & Kletz Allergy is dedicated to providing the highest quality allergy care in a caring, relaxed,, and professional environment.

Are You Allergic to Turkey on Thanksgiving?

Homemade Sliced Turkey Breast on a Thanksgiving plate

We have all felt it and we have all heard it.  “Turkey on Thanksgiving makes you sleepy!”  If so, is it an allergy to turkey that causes this sleepiness?  Is it just a side effect of something in the turkey that causes this tiredness and lethargy?  Some have blamed the high amounts of the essential amino acid L-tryptophan for the somnolence.  Regardless of what you have heard, the fact is that turkey does not cause sleepiness.  Why then do people tend to feel sleepier on Thanksgiving?

Let’s begin with the fact that there are high amounts of the essential amino acid L-tryptophan in turkey.  But what is L-tryptophan?  L-tryptophan is an essential amino acid that must be acquired from foods we eat since the body does not produce L-tryptophan on its own.  Amino acids are the precursors to proteins.  It takes multiple amino acids to make a protein.  Thus, amino acids are considered the “building blocks” of proteins.  It is also important to note that there are a variety of other foods besides turkey that are rich in L-tryptophan.  Some of these foods include fish, canned tuna, eggs, legumes (e.g., peanuts, lima beans, soybeans), milk, yogurt, seeds (e.g., sesame, sunflower, pumpkin), oats, cheese, chocolate, bread, and some fruits.  It should be noted that turkey and chicken both have similar amounts of L-tryptophan.  Another interesting fact is that the white turkey meat has more L-tryptophan than the dark turkey meat, but with chicken, it is the reverse, as there is more L-tryptophan in dark chicken meat than white chicken meat.

L-tryptophan is needed for the body to produce serotonin, a chemical in the brain that plays a role in one’s mood, as well as one’s pain intolerance.  When serotonin levels are high, one’s mood is elevated and a sense of relaxation ensues.  In addition, one may also have a higher pain tolerance.  Thus, L-tryptophan is thought to have a beneficial effect on memory, learning, mood, and depression.  It may also have beneficial effects on reducing anxiety, seasonal affective disorder, and premenstrual pain although more research is needed to confirm this.

Many people often experience sleepiness and fatigue after eating a Thanksgiving Day meal.  Many attribute this lethargy to the turkey eaten on Thanksgiving.  Many feel that they are having an allergic reaction to turkey due to this somnolence, however, it is not an allergy at all.  Allergies to turkey meat are not common, but a true allergy to turkey can occur in some individuals.  Rather than sleepiness and fatigue, the symptoms of a true turkey allergy more typically may include generalized itching (i.e., pruritus), hives (i.e., urticaria), swelling (i.e., angioedema), abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, wheezing, shortness of breath, feeling faint, and/or a drop in blood pressure.  These individuals should see a board certified allergist for proper diagnosis and treatment which would include an epinephrine self-injectable device (e.g., EpiPen, Auvi-Q, Adrenaclick) for emergency use.  It should be noted that if an individual uses an epinephrine self-injectable device, that individual should go immediately to the closest emergency room.

Even though turkey allergy exists, the vast majority of individuals that experience sleepiness or fatigue after eating a Thanksgiving Day meal most likely get these symptoms from a variety of factors not associated with the turkey.  During Thanksgiving, it is well known that people overeat.  In addition, they tend to overdo it with alcohol consumption.  These 2 factors may easily explain the lethargy and sleepiness many find themselves suffering after a Thanksgiving Day meal.  It is well known that a high carbohydrate, high fat meal can lead to sleepiness and fatigue approximately 1-2 hours after eating.  Alcohol is also known to cause excessive sleepiness.  Thus, the combination of a high carbohydrate, high fat meal with alcohol seems like the perfect storm to cause sleepiness and fatigue.

In order to minimize or prevent any somnolence that may occur during Thanksgiving Day, or any other holiday, try to limit one’s eating and drinking so that it is not excessive.  Try to eat smaller portions and reduce alcoholic consumption.  In addition, try to get enough sleep and have a nice holiday!

The board certified allergists at Black & Kletz Allergy have 3 offices in the Washington, DC, Northern Virginia, and Maryland metropolitan area and treat both adults and children with food allergies, food sensitivities, other allergies, asthma, sinus disease, and immunologic disorders.  We have offices in Washington, DC, McLean, VA (Tysons Corner, VA), and Manassas, VA.  Black & Kletz Allergy offers on-site parking at each of their 3 office locations and the Washington, DC and McLean, VA offices are also Metro accessible.  There is a free shuttle that runs between our McLean, VA office and the Spring Hill metro station on the silver line.  To make an appointment, please call our office or you can click Request an Appointment and we will respond within 24 hours on the next business day.  Black & Kletz Allergy has been serving the allergy and asthma needs of the Washington, DC metropolitan area community for more than 50 years and we strive to administer high quality allergy and asthma care in a welcoming professional environment.

 

Eustachian Tube Dysfunction and Allergies

The Eustachian tube is a small tubular passageway that connects the middle ear with the junction of the back of the nose and upper throat. It is approximately 1.5 inches long and 3 mm. (0.12 inches) in diameter. It is the structure in the ear that pops when one goes to high altitudes or descends deep in the water. The tube helps to regulate pressure in the middle ear, shield the ear from hearing its own body noises, and drain fluid from the middle ear. The Eustachian tube has a valve that opens and closes. If the tube stays open too much, one may get a constant feeling of increased pressure in one’s ear. In addition, one may hear their own body noises such as hearing one’s voice too loudly or hearing one’s own breathing. On the other hand, if the Eustachian tube stays closed, there may be a buildup of fluid which may result in a feeling of increased pressure and/or pain in the ear as well as a decrease in hearing.

Eustachian tube dysfunction occurs when the tube fails to open and gets stuck closed during swallowing or yawning. This results in a difference in the air pressure between the inside and outside of the middle ear.

The most common cause of Eustachian tube dysfunction is an upper respiratory infection (URI) such as the common cold, flu, or a sinus infection. Other causes of Eustachian tube dysfunction may include allergies (i.e., allergic rhinitis), enlarged tonsils/adenoids, nasal polyps, cigarette smoke, pollution, nasal tumors, cleft palate, and/or tumor at base of the skull. Note that the last 3 causes mentioned are fairly rare causes of Eustachian tube dysfunction.

We will focus on allergies as a cause for Eustachian tube dysfunction. Allergic rhinitis (i.e., hay fever) is a very common condition and accounts for a fair amount of Eustachian tube dysfunction. The classic symptoms of allergic rhinitis may include runny nose, nasal congestion, sneezing, post-nasal drip, snoring, itchy eyes, watery eyes, redness of the eyes, sinus pain/pressure, itchy nose, and itchy throat. As a result of a post-nasal drip, some individuals may experience hoarseness and a sore throat. Others may develop asthma symptoms such as chest tightness, coughing, wheezing, and/or shortness of breath.

Still others, however, may develop symptoms of Eustachian tube dysfunction. These symptoms may include clogged ears, hearing loss, increased ear pressure/pain, popping of the ears, vertigo/dizziness, and/or ringing of the ears (i.e., tinnitus). Allergies may cause a narrowing of the Eustachian tube opening or its passageway resulting in the symptoms described above.

The diagnosis of an allergic cause of Eustachian tube dysfunction begins with a comprehensive history and physical examination. If an allergy is suspected, allergy skin testing or blood tests may be performed. A CT scan of the sinuses may be ordered for individuals who present with recurrent or chronic sinus infections.

The management of the underlying allergies in patients with allergy-induced Eustachian tube dysfunction is the goal of treatment. Treating the underlying allergy may help to reduce the swelling in the lining of the Eustachian tube. Nasal corticosteroids are often effective in reducing the symptoms of Eustachian tube dysfunction. Oral or nasal decongestants may also be beneficial. Oral and nasal antihistamines have also proven beneficial in the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Allergy immunotherapy (i.e., allergy shots, allergy injections, allergy desensitization, allergy hyposensitization) is a very effective tool to treat allergic rhinitis as it works in 80-85% of patients on this therapy.

The board certified allergy doctors at Black & Kletz Allergy have been treating Eustachian tube dysfunction as well as allergies, sinus problems, and asthma. We have offices in Washington, DC, McLean, VA (Tysons Corner, VA), and Manassas, VA. We have been serving the Washington, DC, Northern Virginia, and Maryland metropolitan area for over 50 years and treat both adult and pediatric patients. All 3 offices at Black & Kletz Allergy offer on-site parking and the Washington, DC and McLean, VA offices are Metro accessible. There is a free shuttle that runs between our McLean, VA office and the Spring Hill metro station on the silver line. If you are concerned that you may have Eustachian tube dysfunction, allergies, sinus problems, asthma, hives, eczema (atopic dermatitis), or immune system problems, please call us to schedule an appointment. You may also click Request an Appointment and we will reply within 24 hours by the next business day. At Black & Kletz Allergy, we strive to improve the quality of life in allergic individuals in a professional and compassionate setting.

Seasonal Flu and Asthma

Viruses cause a variety of illnesses in humans ranging from mild upper respiratory infections (URIs) to life-threatening pulmonary and extra-pulmonary diseases. Rhinoviruses, adenoviruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), coronaviruses, and influenza viruses are the most common viruses infecting the respiratory tract. Among these rhinoviruses, RSV, and influenza viruses are common causes of wheezing in children. Recurrent infections with these viruses may play a role in the development of asthma.

Patients with asthma are more susceptible to contracting infections with the influenza virus. In addition, they are also more likely to develop serious complications from influenza. In fact, more than 75% of acute flare-ups of asthma are triggered by infections from influenza, RSV, or rhinovirus.

Infections typically occur in the United States between October and November with a peak infection rate between January and March. There are 3 strains of influenza viruses that cause human infections; influenza A, influenza B and influenza C.

Influenza A and B are typically associated with seasonal disease but also have been associated with several pandemics during the 20th century. For example, in 1918, the Spanish influenza (i.e., Spanish flu), a strain of H1N1 of influenza A, caused between 50 and 100 million deaths worldwide with a mortality rate of 2.5 to 3%. Most of the deaths occurred in adults between the ages of 20 and 40 years old. In 1957, the Asian influenza or Asian flu of the H2N2 strain of influenza A, caused between 1.5 and 2 million deaths. In 1968, the Hong Kong influenza (i.e., Hong Kong flu), a strain of H3N2 influenza A, caused over 1 million deaths.

Currently circulating influenza A viruses of the H1N1 variety are related to the 2009 H1N1 pandemic that emerged in the Spring of 2009 and caused a flu pandemic.

Influenza infection begins with invasion of the respiratory epithelium by the virus. This site in the respiratory system serves as a place for both viral replication and the resulting host’s immune response. Destruction of normal airway tissue and a pro-inflammatory immune response are the primary causes of symptoms associated with influenza infection.

The immune response of the host causes many of the symptoms associated with a viral respiratory infection and those associated with exacerbations of underlying asthma. Certain individuals seem to be at a higher risk for developing infections in the lower airway (i.e. lungs). For example, age less than 6 months old, second-hand smoke exposure, and genetic factors play a role in increasing the risk of infection. Allergic subjects are also more susceptible to infections due to an impaired immune response.

Symptoms:

  • Runny nose, stuffy nose, post-nasal drip
  • Sore throat
  • Cough
  • Fever, chills
  • Achiness
  • Vomiting, diarrhea
  • Fatigue

Complications:

  • Pneumonia
  • Exacerbation of asthma symptoms
  • Inflammation of the heart muscle
  • Inflammation of the brain

Treatment:

Most cases of influenza are mild and symptoms usually resolve within 7 to 10 days. Symptomatic relief can be given by over-the-counter medications such as Tylenol (i.e., acetaminophen) in order to reduce fevers, chills and/or achiness. Inhaled medications such as albuterol (i.e., ProAir, Ventolin) are given to help relieve asthma-like symptoms which may include wheezing, chest tightness, coughing and/or shortness of breath. Rest and increased oral fluids may hasten the recovery process.

The indications for antiviral medications include patients that are at high risk of influenza-related complications including pregnant women, adults over 65 years of age, immunocompromised individuals, and those with chronic medical conditions such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and diabetes. Antiviral medications should be used if an individual requires hospitalization, during severe or complicated infection, and during pregnancy. Many primary care physicians recommend antiviral therapy for other scenarios and individuals should check with their physician to see what they recommend.

Antiviral treatment works the best when begun soon after flu-like symptoms begin.  When treatment is started within 2 days of developing flu-like symptoms, antiviral drugs can reduce fever and flu symptoms and shorten the duration of the illness.  They also may decrease the risk of complications such as ear infections in children, respiratory complications requiring antibiotics, and hospitalizations in adults. Some of the antiviral medications used for the treatment of the flu are as follows:

  • Tamiflu (i.e., oseltamivir) is available as a pill or liquid suspension and is FDA approved for the early treatment of the flu in individuals over the age of 2 weeks.
  • Relenza (i.e., zanamivir) is a powder that is inhaled and approved for the early treatment of the flu in individuals 7 years of age and older.  Relenza is administered using an inhaler device and is not recommended for individuals with breathing problems such as asthma or COPD.)
  • Oseltamivir and zanamivir are given twice a day for 5 days.
  • Xofluza (i.e., baloxavir) is a pill given as a single dose by mouth and is approved for early treatment of flu in people 12 years and older.  Xofluza is not recommended for pregnant women, breastfeeding mothers, and outpatients with complicated or progressive illness.
  • Rapivab (i.e., peramivir) is given intravenously by a primary care physician and is approved for the early treatment of flu in individuals 6 months of age and older.

Prevention:

Staying home as much as possible and avoiding contact with others will reduce the risk of acquiring an influenza infection.

Routine annual influenza vaccination (i.e., flu shots) is recommended for all persons 6 months of age and older.  Many types of flu vaccines are licensed by the FDA this year with varying indications based on one’s age group and health status.  Please see the following link for more information.

www.cdc.gov/flu/professionals/acip/summary/summary-recommendations.htm

The board certified allergists at Black & Kletz Allergy treats both adults and children and will gladly answer any questions you have concerning the flu as well as any allergy/immunology topic. Black & Kletz Allergy has 3 offices in the Washington, DC, northern Virginia, and Maryland metropolitan area with locations in Washington, DC, McLean, VA (Tysons Corner, VA), and Manassas, VA. We offer on-site parking at each location and our Washington, DC and McLean offices are also Metro accessible. There is a free shuttle that runs between our McLean office and the Spring Hill metro station on the silver line. If you would like to make an appointment with an allergy specialist, please call us. Alternatively, you can click Request an Appointment and we will respond within 24 hours by the next business day. Black & Kletz Allergy has been providing quality allergy, asthma, sinus, and immunological services to the DC metro area for more than 5 decades

Churg-Strauss Syndrome

 

Asthma usually coexists with other allergic disorders such as hay fever (i.e., allergic rhinitis) and/or atopic dermatitis (i.e., eczema). Less commonly, asthma is associated with chronic inflammatory/immunological disorders such as Churg-Strauss syndrome.

Churg-Strauss syndrome is characterized by abnormal and excessive accumulation of types of white blood cells called eosinophils in the blood and tissues leading to tissue damage. Any organ can be affected but the lungs and the blood vessels are most commonly affected. Chronic inflammation of the blood vessels is termed vasculitis or angiitis. Accumulation of eosinophils in tissues may also cause nodular swellings called granulomas. These features give Churg-Strauss syndrome a more descriptive name. Thus Churg-Strauss syndrome is also known as eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA), a type of vasculitis.

The initial clinical manifestations are usually due to from lung involvement resulting in asthma-like symptoms such as coughing, chest tightness, shortness of breath and/or wheezing. These are often followed by generalized systemic symptoms, which take the form of a flu-like illness with fever, fatigue, malaise, loss of appetite, and/or muscle aches (i.e., myalgias).

Vasculitis may cause narrowing of the affected blood vessels, which may result in the blocking or slowing of the flow of blood to various organs and tissues of the body. Inflamed blood vessels may also become thin and fragile, potentially rupturing and bleeding into the surrounding tissues. In addition, the blood vessels may become stretched out causing the development of a bulge in the vessel wall (i.e., aneurysm).

As Churg-Strauss syndrome can affect multiple organ systems, the presentation varies widely from person to person. Involvement of the upper airways is very common, causing rhinitis and chronic or recurrent sinus infections. Excessive tissue growth may result in polyps in the nose and sinuses. Fluid may accumulate in the middle ear causing serous otitis media. Inflammation of the membrane covering the eyeballs is called conjunctivitis and leads to itchy, red eyes and occasionally blurry vision.

Approximately 75% of patients experience nervous system involvement. The neurological symptoms may include chronic pain, the feeling of tingling and numbness, muscle weakness, and/or loss of motor function resulting in paralysis. Blood clots in the blood vessels of the brain and/or bleeding may cause strokes. Gastrointestinal involvement may result in abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, blood in the stools, and/or inflammation of the membrane lining the large intestine.

Skin lesions develop in about half the patients with Churg-Strauss syndrome and may include purplish spots due to bleeding into skin (i.e., purpura), hives (i.e., urticaria) and/or nodules. Heart abnormalities are caused by inflammation of the blood vessels and the development of nodular lesions within the heart tissue. Symptoms associated with heart disease may include fatigue, shortness of breath, palpitations, chest pain, and/or fainting (i.e., syncope) episodes. Involvement of kidneys is rare however if involved, it may lead to high blood pressure and/or renal failure.

Causes:

The exact cause of Churg-Strauss syndrome is not clearly established. Most researchers believe that several different factors such as genetic, environmental, and immunological abnormalities may play a role in the development of the disorder. It is classified as an autoimmune disorder. Autoimmune disorders are caused when the body’s natural defenses against “foreign” or invading organisms begin to attack healthy tissue for unknown reasons.

The disorder can affect individuals of almost any age and but generally ranges from 15 to 70 years of age. The incidence in males is slightly higher than in females. It is more commonly seen in families who also have history of other allergic disorders.

Diagnosis:

An individual is classified as having Churg-Strauss syndrome if 4 of the following 6 findings are identified:

  • Asthma
  • Fleeting lung infiltrates consistent with imitating pneumonia on chest X-rays or CT scans
  • Neuropathy – Nerve damage
  • Abnormality of the sinuses – Recurrent or chronic sinus infections is common
  • Eosinophilia – Defined as greater than 10% eosinophils in the circulating blood
  • Eosinophils outside the blood vessels such as in tissues and organs

In approximately 50% of the patients, blood tests reveal the presence of a specific type of proteins called antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA). Chest X-rays, sinus X-rays, CT scans and/or tissue biopsies may be needed to confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment:

Initial treatment may include oral or injectable corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone) in order to control excessive inflammation in the blood vessels and other tissues. High doses of corticosteroids are usually used in the beginning with a gradual taper to minimize the risk of side effects. Side effects of corticosteroids may include elevated blood sugars, weight gain, bone problems due to bone loss, cataracts, ulcers of the stomach, depression, and an increase in infections.

Patients who do not respond to corticosteroid medications may need immunosuppressive and/or cytotoxic medications (e.g., methotrexate, cyclophosphamide). Some patients may need monthly infusions of immunoglobulins either intravenously or under the skin (subcutaneously).
In 2017, Nucala (mepolizumab) was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat adult patients with Churg-Strauss syndrome. It is a biologic medication that is injected under the skin every 4 weeks. It works by blocking a cytokine called IL-5 (i.e., interleukin-5) which is needed for growth and differentiation of eosinophils. In 2018, the FDA granted orphan drug designation ODD for Fasenra (benralizumab), another biologic medication used to treat Churg-Strauss syndrome.

Early initiation of treatments as soon as the diagnosis is made, can help prevent tissue damage and long-term complications.

The board certified allergists at Black & Kletz Allergy have 3 offices in the Washington, DC, Northern Virginia, and Maryland metropolitan area and treat both adults and children with asthma, Churg-Straus syndrome, sinus disease, hay fever (i.e., allergic rhinitis), nasal polyps, other allergic and immunologic disorders. We have offices in Washington, DC, McLean, VA (Tysons Corner, VA), and Manassas, VA. Black & Kletz Allergy offers on-site parking at each of their 3 convenient office locations and the Washington, DC and McLean, VA offices are also Metro accessible. There is a free shuttle that runs between our McLean, VA office and the Spring Hill metro station on the silver line. To make an appointment, please call any of our offices or you can click Request an Appointment and we will respond within 24 hours on the next business day. Black & Kletz Allergy has been serving the asthma and allergy needs of the Washington, DC metropolitan area for more than 50 years. We strive to provide high quality allergy and asthma care in a caring professional environment.